Izisele zezimboni zenzelwe injongo eyodwa yokugcina izinto eziyinqwaba futhi zizikhiphe ngendlela ethembekile uma zidingeka. Nokho kuzo zonke izimboni zikasimende, iziteshi zikagesi, izindawo zokucubungula ukudla, nezindawo zokukhiqiza amakhemikhali, ukwehluleka kokukhipha amanzi kuseyinkinga eqhubekayo yokusebenza. Okubalulekile kuyeka ukugeleza. Ukukhiqiza kuyahamba kancane noma kuyama. Namaqembu okunakekela ayabizwa ukuthi angenele.
Imibhalo yobunjiniyela ekuphathweni kwenqwaba yezinto eziqinile ichaze izindlela zokuhluleka kokukhipha amashumi eminyaka. Ukugoqa, ukubhoboza amagundane, ukuhlukaniswa, nokuhlanganisa kuyizinto eziqondwa kahle. Kodwa igebe phakathi kokuqonda kwezemfundo nokusebenza okungokoqobo lihlala libanzi. Abaqhubi bezitshalo bayaqhubeka nokuthembela ekungeneleleni okusebenzayo ngoba izinhlaka zezinqumo zokuvikela ukutshalwa kwezimali azihambisani neqiniso lezomnotho lesikhathi sokuphumula esingahleliwe.
Lesi sihloko sivala lelo gebe. Ichaza izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibangela ukwehluleka kokukhipha isisele ngolimi olufinyelelekayo. Ilinganisa umthelela wezomnotho wemodi ngayinye yokwehluleka kusetshenziswa idatha yemboni kanye nezomnotho zobunjiniyela. Futhi ihlinzeka ngohlaka lwesinqumo oluhlelekile lokuhlola ukungenelela okuvimbelayo ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo, i-silo geometry, nezimo zokusebenza.
Isahluko sokuQala: I-Physics of Flow - Kungani Izinsimbi Eziyinqwaba Ziziphatha Ngokuhlukile Kuneziketshezi
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ama-silo ehluleka, umuntu kufanele aqale aqonde ukuthi izinto eziqinile eziyinqwaba azilona uketshezi. Uketshezi olugcinwe ethangini luzogeleza luphume embotsheni engezansi inqobo nje uma imbobo ingaphansi kwendawo ewuketshezi. Izinga lokugeleza linqunywa ukucindezela kwe-hydrostatic, okukhuphuka ngokujula. Uketshezi alukwazi ukwakha ibhuloho elizinzile endaweni evulekile ngenxa yokuthi ama-molecule awo awanakho ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi ukuze amelane nokugunda.
Izinto eziqinile eziyinqwaba zihlukile. Izinto ezisetshenziswa yi-Granular zithola amandla azo ekungqubuzaneni kwezinhlayiyana futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukuhlangana. Uma zivalelwe esiseleni, izinhlayiya zicindezelana kanye nasezindongeni zesisele. Izingcindezi ngaphakathi kokubalulekile azikho isotropic njenge-hydrostatic pressure. Ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendlela futhi zincike emlandweni wokuthi isisele sagcwaliswa futhi sakhishwa kanjani.
Lokhu kusabalaliswa kwengcindezi kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukwehluleka kokukhipha. Ku-silo eklanywe kahle, izingcindezi endaweni yokukhipha zanele ukunqoba amandla angaphakathi wento, futhi nokugeleza kwenzeka. Kusilo esiklanywe kabi noma into eyodwa yokubamba ngaphandle kwebanga lomklamo wayo, izingcindezi endaweni yokukhipha ingase ibe ngaphansi kunamandla wento ebalulekile, futhi ukugeleza kuyama.
Amapharamitha amabili angenasici abusa ukuziphatha kokugeleza. Esokuqala isilinganiso se-outlet dimension kuya kusayizi wezinhlayiyana. Njengomthetho wesithupha, i-dimension encane yokuphuma kufanele okungenani ibe izikhathi eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi kunobukhulu bezinhlayiyana. Ngaphansi kwalesi silinganiso, izinhlayiya ziyahlangana futhi zakha i-arch ezinzile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezibonakalayo.
Ipharamitha yesibili iwumsebenzi wokugeleza kwezinto, ohlobanisa amandla ayo esivuno angavalekile nokucindezeleka okuhlanganisayo ekutholayo kusilo. Izinto ezinamavelu okusebenza okugeleza okuphezulu, okusho ukuthi zithola amandla ngokushesha ngaphansi kwengcindezi, zijwayele ukugoba. Izinto ezinamavelu okusebenza okugeleza okuphansi zigeleza kalula kodwa zingase zithambekele kwezinye izinkinga ezifana nezikhukhula noma ukuhlukaniswa.
Isahluko Sesibili: Imodi Yokufeyila Yokuqala - Ukufaka imicibisholo
I-arching, ebizwa nangokuthi i-bridging, kwenzeka lapho i-dome ezinzile yempahla yakheka ngaphezu kwe-silo outlet. I-arch idlulisela umthwalo ezindongeni zesisele esikhundleni sokuwudlulisela phansi endaweni yokuphuma. Izinto ezingaphezulu kwe-arch azikwazi ukuwela, futhi ukukhishwa kuyama.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-arches zenzeka. Amakhothamo emishini akha lapho izinhlayiya ezinkulu noma izinto ezimise ngendlela engavamile zihlangana. Izinhlayiya zivimbana ngokomzimba, zakha isakhiwo esizinzile. Amakhothamo emishini avame kakhulu ezintweni ezimahhadla ezifana nama-aggregate, ama-wood chips, noma okusanhlamvu okuthile. Isixazululo ngokuvamile siwukukhulisa usayizi wokuphuma noma ukufaka amadivayisi aphula isakhiwo esixhumene.
Amakhothamo ahlangene akha lapho izinhlayiya ezinhle zinamathelana ngenxa yomswakama, amandla e-electrostatic, noma ukusebenzisana kwe-van der Waals. Usimende, umlotha wempukane, impushana ye-limestone, nezinto eziningi eziphakathi kwamakhemikhali zibonisa ukuziphatha okuhlangene. Amandla e-arch ehlangene ayanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Impahla egeleza kalula uma ilayishwa okokuqala ingase inganyakazi ngemva kweviki lokugcina. Lesi sikhathi ukuzuza kwamandla ancike kuchaza ukuthi kungani ama-silo asebenze isikhathi eside kunzima kakhulu ukuwaqalisa kabusha.
Ubukhulu obubalulekile be-arching ubukhulu be-outlet. Kokubalulekile okunikeziwe, kukhona ubuncane be-outlet dimension ngezansi lapho ukugoqa okuqinisekile khona futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ukugeleza okungenzeka. Lobu bukhulu obuncane bungalinganiselwa kusukela ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri okufana nendlela yeseli ye-Jenike shear, nakuba izitshalo ezimbalwa zenza ukuhlola okunjalo njalo.
Uma ukufakwa kungobo yomlando kwenzeka, ukungenelela okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi ukubethela udonga lwesisele ukuze kudlidlizele i-arch, ukufaka izinduku ezimbobeni zokufinyelela ukuze kuphuke i-arch ngokwenza, noma ukusebenzisa izidlidlizi zomoya noma zemishini endaweni yokuphuma. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela iphethe izingozi, okuhlanganisa ukulimala kodonga, ukuchayeka kwezisebenzi ezintweni eziwayo, nokuwa kwe-arch okungaphelele okuphinda kudaleke ngemva kwesikhashana.
Isahluko Sesithathu: Imodi Yokuhluleka Yesibili - I-Rat Holing
Ukubhoboza amagundane kwenzeka lapho ukugeleza kudala umgudu omncane phakathi kwezinto kuyilapho ivolumu ezungezile ihlala imile. Ishaneli, noma imbobo yamagundane, isuka endaweni yokuphuma iye phezulu iye kokubalulekile. Uma sekwenziwe, ukugeleza kuyaqhubeka phakathi kwesiteshi, kodwa into engaphandle kwesiteshi ayinyakazi.
Ukubhoboza amagundane kuvame kakhulu ezintweni ezithola amandla ngaphansi kokuhlanganiswa kodwa ezingathuthukisi ukuhlangana okuqinile. Izinto ezisezindongeni ze-silo nasemakhoneni ziba ukuzisekela, zenze izinqwaba eziqinile umzila ogelezayo ongeke ukwazi ukuziguguleka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imbobo yamagundane ingase inwebe phezulu njengoba into engenhla kwesiteshi ingena, kodwa iphethini iyonke ihlala iyipayipi elincane ngokusebenzisa izinto eziqinile eziyinqwaba ezimile.
Umphumela wokubhoboza amagundane ukunciphisa umthamo ophilayo. Isisele singase sigcwale ngamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ngevolumu, kodwa izinto ezingaphakathi kwembobo yamagundane kuphela ezitholakalayo ukuze zikhishwe. Izinto ezizungezile zisebenza njengesitoreji esifile, ezithatha indawo kodwa azifaki lutho ekukhiqizeni. Ngokombono wezinqubo ezansi nomfula, isisele sibonakala singenalutho nakuba izinto ezibalulekile zihlala ngaphakathi.
Ukubhoboza amagundane kuwubuqili ikakhulukazi ngoba ukuqala kwawo kuhamba kancane. Umsebenzisi uqala abone ukuthi isisele sithulula ngokushesha kunokulindelekile ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zeleveli. Bese inkomba yeleveli ikhombisa impahla ekhona ngenkathi amazinga okukhishwa ehla. Ekugcineni, imbobo yamagundane ingase iwe ngokuzumayo, idedele umthamo omkhulu wezinto ezimboza impahla esebenza ezansi nomfula.
Ukungenelela okujwayelekile kokumba amagundane kuhilela imizamo yokunxenxa ukugeleza okukhulu ngokwengeza amakhoni angaphakathi, esikhundleni sendawo ephansi yesisele ngomklamo ophakeme, noma ukufaka amadivaysi okuthuthukisa ukugeleza njengamaslayidi omoya noma ama-agitator asebenzayo. Ngayinye yalokhu kungenelela idinga ukuthi isisele sithululwe ngokuphelele, okuyilapho kanye ukumboza amagundane kwenza ukuthulula kube nzima.
Isahluko Sesine: Imodi Yokuhluleka Kwesithathu - Ukuhlanganisa kanye Nokuzuza Amandla Esikhathi
Izinto ezigcinwe eziseleni azivamile ukuma. Bazinza ngaphansi kwesisindo sabo. Ayavevezela ngenxa yemishini eseduze. Bahlangabezana nemijikelezo yezinga lokushisa. Futhi zimunca noma zidedele umswakama kuye ngezimo zomoya. Ngayinye yalezi zici inyusa amandla wento ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukwenzeka kokuthola amandla esikhathi kubhalwe kahle kubunjiniyela benqwaba yezinto eziqinile. Impushana egeleza kalula lapho ilayishwa okokuqala ingase idinge ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kakhulu ukuze iqalise ukugeleza ngemva kweviki lokugcina. Ngemva kwenyanga, ukucindezeleka okudingekayo kungase kuphindwe kabili noma kathathu. Ngemva konyaka, impahla ingase iziphathe njengetshe elibuthakathaka kunokuba i-granular solid.
Ukuthola amandla esikhathi kwenzeka ngezindlela eziningi. Ngosizo lwezinto ezinomswakama, ukufuduka kwamanzi kungakha amabhuloho awuketshezi phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziqina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinezingxenye ezincibilikayo, ukuphinda kukhanye ezindaweni zokuxhumana zezinhlayiyana kungahlanganisa izinhlayiya ndawonye. Ukuze uthole izinto ezinhle, amandla e-van der Waals nezinto eziheha i-electrostatic ziba nempumelelo kakhulu njengoba izinhlayiya zihlangana eduze.
Umthelela osebenzayo wokuzuza amandla esikhathi ukuthi ubude besitoreji buba yinto ebalulekile ekuthembekeni kokukhishwa. Isisele esiphuma ngendlela enokwethenjelwa lapho siphendulwa njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu singase singaphumeleli ngokuphelele ngemva kwamasonto amabili okugcina. Nokho izikhungo eziningi zisebenza ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo wesikhathi sokuhlala. Izisele zigcwaliswa futhi zithululwe ngokusekelwe kumashejuli okukhiqiza, hhayi ezintweni ezincike esikhathini zezinto eziqukethwe.
Amasu okuvimbela amandla esikhathi athola ukugxila ekukhawuleleni ubude besikhathi sokulondoloza noma ukuguqula okokusebenza ukuze kwehliswe ukuzwela kwakho ekuhlanganisweni. Okokuqala ekuphathweni kwempahla yokuqala, kuyilapho kuvamile ekugcinweni kwempahla, akuvamile ukuthi kusetshenziswe izisele ngenxa yobunzima bokukhipha impahla ngaphansi kwenqwaba ngaphandle kwempahla ephansi ephilayo. Izinsiza zokugeleza kwemishini noma umoya zingagcina ukunyakaza kwezinto ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, kuvimbele ukuthintana kwezinhlayiyana eziseduze okuholela ekuzuzeni amandla.
Isahluko Sesihlanu: Imiphumela Yezomnotho Yemodi Yokuhluleka Ngayinye
Nakuba izindlela zokuhluleka kokukhipha zihluka, imiphumela yazo yezomnotho ilandela iphethini engaguquki. Izindleko ziwumsebenzi wokuvama kokuhluleka, ukubambezeleka kokutholwa, nobunzima bokungenelela.
Imicimbi yokufaka kungobo yomlando ivamise ukuvelela. Isisele siyayeka ukukhipha ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Umsebenzisi uqaphela ngokushesha ngoba inkomba yokugeleza iyehlela kuqanda. Ukubambezeleka kokutholwa kufushane. Kodwa-ke, ukungenelela kwe-arching ngokuvamile kudinga ukungena esiseleni ngoba i-arch ingase ibekwe ngaphezu kwe-outlet. Izindleko zomcimbi ngamunye zingaba phezulu ngenxa yokulungiselela ukuphepha kanye nesidingo sokufinyelela kwangaphakathi.
Imicimbi yokubhoboza amagundane ikhula kancane kancane. Umsebenzisi angase angayiboni inkinga kuze kube yilapho isisele sesiwuthululile ngempumelelo umthamo waso ophilayo, lapho ukukhiqizwa sekuvele kuthintekile. Ukubambezeleka kokutholwa kungaba izinsuku noma amasonto. Uma sekubonakele, ukumba amagundane kungase kudinge ukuthululwa okuphelele kwesisele ukuze kuqedwe into emile ezungeze imbobo yamagundane. Izindleko zomcimbi ngamunye azibandakanyi ukungenelela kuphela kodwa nenani lezinto okufanele zisuswe futhi zisetshenziswe noma zilahlwe.
Ukwehluleka kokuthola amandla esikhathi kuhlanganisa izici zakho zombili. Ukuqala akubikezeleki ngoba kuncike esikhathini sokugcina. Ukwehluleka kungase kubonakale njenge-arching noma njengezinga lokugeleza eliphansi kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sokukhiqiza. Ubunzima bokungenelela buyanda ngesikhathi sokugcina ngoba impahla iba namandla futhi kube nzima ukuyikhipha.
Esikhungweni esivamile esinama-silo amaningi, izindleko zonyaka zokwehluleka kokukhipha zingalinganiselwa ngokuphindaphinda izindleko zomcimbi omaphakathi ngemicimbi yaminyaka yonke elindelekile. Idatha yemboni iphakamisa ukuthi izikhungo ezingenazo izinhlelo zokuvimbela ziba nokwehluleka okuphawulekayo phakathi kokubili nokuyisithupha kokukhipha uketshezi esiseleni ngasinye ngonyaka. Ngezindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo, ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza, nomsebenzi kuhlangene, inani lezindleko zonyaka ngokuvamile lifinyelela izibalo eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa zesikhungo esiphakathi nendawo.
Isahluko Sesithupha: Ukuklama kanye Namasu Okusebenza Okuvimbela
Ukuvimbela ukwehluleka kokukhipha kuqala ngomklamo. Indawo yokukhipha izisele kufanele ibe nkulu ngokwanele ukuvimbela ukugoba ukuze kugcinwe impahla ebuthaka kakhulu. I-hopper slope kufanele ibe yimmango ngokwanele ukuze ibangele ukugeleza okukhulu kunokugeleza kwefaneli. Udonga olungaphezulu kufanele lube bushelelezi futhi, ngenxa yezinto ezihlangene, lungadinga ama-liner enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali noma i-ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.
Kuma-silo akhona angakwazi ukuklanywa kabusha, amasu okusebenza anganciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka. Isu lokusebenza elisebenza ngempumelelo ukuphatha inzuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokulandela isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nokuhlela ukukhipha ngaphambi kokuthi amandla ancike esikhathini afike emazingeni abucayi, opharetha bangagwema izimo zokuhluleka ezinzima kakhulu.
Isu lesibili lokusebenza ukufakwa kwe-flow aid. Izibhamu zomoya, izidlidlizi, nama-fluidizers womoya angagcina ukuhamba kwezinto ngesikhathi sokugcina. Lawa madivayisi adinga ukunakekelwa okuvamile ukuze ahlale esebenza kahle, kodwa izindleko zawo ngokuvamile ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokungenelela okukodwa okuphuthumayo.
Isu lesithathu lokusebenza ukuhlola. Ukuhlola okuvamile kusetshenziswa izindlela zerobhothi noma ezikude kunikeza isexwayiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi samaphethini okunqwabelana andulela ukwehluleka. Ngokuhlonza izindawo eziyinkinga ngaphambi kokuyeka kokukhipha, opharetha bangahlela ukungenelela okuhlosiwe ngesikhathi sokunqamuka okuhleliwe kunokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
Ezikhungweni ezifuna ukudlulela ngalé kokuphatha okusebenzayo, ukulandelana okunconyiwe kuqala ukuze kusetshenziswe izisele ezibucayi ezinokuqapha izinga nokugeleza okunikeza ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kwezinkinga ezikhulayo. Okwesibili, thola idatha eyisisekelo mayelana nemvamisa yokwehluleka nezindleko. Okwesithathu, sebenzisa ukuhlola nokungenelela okuhlosiwe ukuze uthole izisele eziyingozi kakhulu. Okwesine, nwebisa izinqubo zokuvimbela zibe yinqwaba yesitoreji esigcwele. Okwesihlanu, hlola ukuguqulwa kwemiklamo yezisele ezihlala ziyinkinga ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza.
Isahluko Sesikhombisa: Izinketho Zobuchwepheshe Zokungenelela
Lapho ukwehluleka kokukhishwa kwenzeka naphezu kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela, ubuchwepheshe bokungenelela bunquma izindleko kanye nobude bokubuyisela.
Ukufaka mathupha kusalokhu kuyindlela evamile yokungenelela emhlabeni wonke. Izisebenzi zingena esiseleni ngamathuluzi ezandla ukuze ziphule amakhothamo, zisuse izinto ezinqwabelene, futhi zibuyisele ukugeleza. Izindleko zibandakanya ukulungiswa kokuphepha, okokuvikela umuntu, i-standby yokutakula, kanye nomsebenzi ngokwawo. Umkhawulo oyinhloko awukona izindleko kodwa ukutholakala. Ezifundeni eziningi, abasebenzi abangena esikhaleni abafanelekayo kuba nzima ukubathola.
Imishini yokudiliza esetshenziswa kude ivumela ukungenelela ngaphandle kokungena. Lawa madivaysi ehliselwa kusilo phezulu noma afakwe ngezimbobo zokufinyelela. Ama-opharetha awalawule ngaphandle kwe-silo esebenzisa impendulo yevidiyo. Izinto zokusebenza ziphula amakhothamo futhi zikhiphe ukunqwabelana kusetshenziswa ama-hydraulic breaker, amajethi amanzi anomfutho omkhulu, noma izimbambi eziyimishini.
Amarobhothi okuhlola ahlinzeka ngedatha ngaphandle kokungenelela. Amadivaysi amancane, asetshenziswa ukude anamakhamera nezinzwa angena kusisele ukuze ahlole izimo. Bakala ivolumu yokunqwabelana, ukuguga kodonga, kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo. Idatha iqondisa izinqumo mayelana nokuthi kumele kungenelele nini futhi nini.
Inketho yobuchwepheshe efanele incike ku-silo geometry, izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nemvamisa yokwehluleka. Ezikhungweni ezinokwehluleka njalo kuma-silo amaningi, ukuba nemishini yokubhidliza kude kungase kube ukonga. Ezikhungweni ezinokwehluleka ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuthola izinkontileka abahlinzeki besevisi abakhethekile kungase kungabizi kakhulu. Kuzo zonke izikhungo, amarobhothi okuhlola azikhokhela wona ngokushesha ngokuvimbela ukungenelela okungadingekile nokuhlonza izinkinga kusenesikhathi.
Isiphetho
Ukuhluleka kokukhishwa kweSilo akuyona imfihlakalo. Izinqubo zomzimba ziqondwa kahle. Ukukhothama, ukugoba amagundane, kanye nokuzuza kwamandla esikhathi kuchaza ukumisa okuningi okungahleliwe. Imiphumela yezomnotho mikhulu, idlula kude izindleko zezinyathelo zokuvimbela ezikhungweni eziningi.
Okuvimbela ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwamasu okuvimbela akukhona ukungaqiniseki kobuchwepheshe kodwa inertia yenhlangano. Izindleko zokwehluleka zisatshalaliswa kuzo zonke izabelomali zokukhiqiza, ukunakekelwa, nokuphepha. Inzuzo yokuvimbela ithathwa njengezehlakalo ezigwenyiwe ezingalokothi zivele kunoma yimuphi umbiko. Futhi isinqumo sokutshala izimali ekuvimbeleni sidinga ukukholelwa esikhathini esizayo esibukeka sihlukile kunesikhathi esidlule.
Kubaphathi bokusebenza abazimisele ukuphonsela inselelo lokhu kungenzi lutho, indlela eya phambili icacile. Linganisa izindleko zamanje zokuhluleka kokukhipha. Qhathanisa nezindleko zemishini yokuhlola, izinsiza zokugeleza, noma ukuguqulwa kwedizayini. Khetha ukungenelela okunesikhathi sokukhokha esifushane kakhulu. Lisebenzise. Linganisa umphumela. Futhi uphinde.
Igebe phakathi kokuphatha okusebenzayo nokuvimbelayo akulona lobuchwepheshe. Kuyigebe ekubonakaleni kwezindleko nasekuqondiseni izinqumo. Ukuvala lelo gebe kuyisenzo esisodwa esisebenza kahle kakhulu noma yisiphi isikhungo esingasithatha ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokuphumula esingahleliwe se-silo.
