Iningi labaphathi bezitshalo abakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo olula: ingabe umcimbi wokuhlanza isisele ubiza malini ngempela?
Bayazi ukuthi i-invoyisi yosonkontileka ithini. Bayazi cishe ukuthi ungakanani umkhiqizo olahlekile. Kodwa lapho kucelwa inombolo ehlanganisa abasebenzi, ukulungiswa kokuphepha, ukuqashwa kwemishini, ukulahleka kokusebenza, ukuphazamiseka kweshejuli, nokulandelela ukulungiswa, iningi linikeza ukuqagela. Futhi ukuqagela akusona isisekelo sezinqumo zokuphatha eziphusile.
Lesi sihloko sinikeza indlela. Ihlukanisa izindleko zomcimbi wokuhlanza isisele zibe izingxenye ezilinganisekayo. Inikeza amafomula noma yimuphi unjiniyela wezitshalo angawasebenzisa ngedatha esevele itholakala ezindaweni eziningi. Futhi ikhombisa ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani lezi zinombolo ukunquma ukuthi izisetshenziswa zokuvikela noma indlela yokuhlanza ehlukile iyakhokha.
Ayikho ithiyori. Akukho ukumaketha. Indlela nje yokusebenza yokubala lokho okusebenzisayo ngempela.
Isahluko sokuqala: Ukwephula I-invoyisi Yosonkontileka
I-invoyisi yosonkontileka yilapho ukuhlaziya izindleko eziningi kuma khona. Kodwa i-invoyisi ngokwayo iqukethe izinto ezimbalwa okufanele zihlolwe ngokwehlukana.
Ukugqugquzela nokudilizwa kwabantu kuyinto yomugqa wokuqala. Osonkontileka bayakhokhisa ngokuletha amathuluzi nabasebenzi esizeni sakho bese bebakhipha ngemuva kwalokho. Le mali inqunywa kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungakanani ukuhlanza okwenziwe ngempela. Ngomsebenzi omncane wokuhlanza, ukuhlanganisa kungaba iphesenti elikhulu le-invoyisi isiyonke. Ngomsebenzi omkhulu, iyasakazeka.
Izinga lomsebenzi wehora liyinto yomugqa wesibili. Leli zinga lihlanganisa iholo lomsebenzi, izinzuzo zabo, imali engaphezulu kukasonkontileka, kanye nenzuzo. Ezifundeni ezinkulu zezimboni, inani eliphelele lomsebenzi wokungena endaweni evalekile lenyuke ngezinga lonyaka ngaphezu kokwehla kwamandla emali okuvamile kule minyaka emihlanu edlule. Umshayeli obalulekile akuyona ingcindezi yamaholo yodwa kodwa ukuncipha kwenani labasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe abazimisele ukwenza lo msebenzi.
Izindleko zezisetshenziswa ziwumugqa wesithathu. Osonkontileka bangase bakhokhise ngokuhlukene amaloli evacuum, izilayishi, amajeneretha, izibani, amafeni okukhipha umoya, iziqapha zegesi, nezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Abanye osonkontileka bahlanganisa izinto zokusebenza ngenani lehora. Abanye benza izinto. Kunoma ikuphi, okokusebenza ngokuvamile kubala ingxenye ye-invoyisi ephelele.
Izindleko zokuphepha nokuthobela izinto ziyizinto zomugqa wesine. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuqapha igesi, ukulinda kokuhlenga, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kwabasebenzi bokungena, kanye nemibhalo. Kwezinye izindawo, lezi zindleko zigunyazwe ngokomthetho futhi azikwazi ukuhoxiswa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi ubonakala ulula kangakanani.
Ukuphatha nokulahlwa kukadoti kuyinto yomugqa wesihlanu. Izinto ezikhishwe esiseleni kufanele ziye ndawana thize. Uma impahla ingabuyiselwa kulayini wokukhiqiza, izindleko zokulahla zincane. Uma into iqinile, yonakalisiwe, noma yonakele, ukulahlwa kungase kudinge ukuphathwa okukhethekile futhi kudale izindleko ezinkulu.
Ngomcimbi wesililo ophakathi nendawo, i-invoyisi yosonkontileka iyodwa isukela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa kuya emashumini ambalwa ezinkulungwane zamadola. Kodwa lokhu kumane kuyisiqalo sokuhlaziywa kwezindleko.
Isahluko Sesibili: Ukulinganisa Ukulahleka Kokukhiqiza
Ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza phakathi nomcimbi wokuhlanza isisele kuvame ukuba ingxenye yezindleko ezinkulu kakhulu, nokho akuvamile ukubalwa nganoma ikuphi ukunemba.
Isibalo sidinga izinombolo ezintathu. Okokuqala ubude besikhathi sokuphazamiseka kokukhiqiza okukalwa ngamahora. Okwesibili izinga lokukhiqiza elivamile lesikhungo elilinganiswa ngamathani ngehora noma amayunithi ngehora. Okwesithathu umkhawulo womnikelo ngethani noma ngeyunithi ngayinye, okusho ukuthi inani lokuthengisa lisusa izindleko eziguquguqukayo.
Ifomula ilula. Ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza kulingana namahora okuphazamiseka izikhathi zesilinganiso sokukhiqiza izikhathi zomkhawulo womnikelo.
Inselele akuyona ifomula kodwa okokufaka. Amahora okuphazamiseka avame ukuncishiswa ngenxa yokuthi izikhungo zibala kuphela amahora lapho ukukhiqizwa kumiswe ngokuphelele. Ukusebenza kwesilinganiso esiyingxenye, lapho izinqubo ezansi nomfula zisebenza ngesivinini esincishisiwe ngenxa yokuthi ukukhishwa kwezisele kukhawulelwe, nakho kudala ukulahlekelwa. Uma isisele singaletha uhhafu kuphela wesilinganiso sokugeleza kwaso esivamile, ukulahlekelwa okusebenzayo yingxenye yomkhawulo womnikelo walawo mahora.
Izinga lokukhiqiza ngokuvamile laziwa ngedatha evamile yokusebenza. Imajini yomnikelo idinga okokufaka kwe-accounting kodwa iyatholakala ezindaweni eziningi. Ezimbonini ezinentengo eguquguqukayo, ukusebenzisa isilinganiso phakathi nezinyanga eziyishumi nambili ezedlule kunikeza isilinganiso esifanele.
Isibonelo senza lokhu kukhonkolo. Isikhungo sikasimende sisebenza ngamathani angamakhulu amabili ngehora ngenani elilinganiselwe lamadola ayishumi ngethani. Umcimbi wokuhlanza izisele umisa ukukhiqiza amahora ayishumi nambili. Ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza kuphindwe kashumi nambili izikhathi ezingamakhulu amabili neshumi, noma izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nane zamadola.
Uma lesi sitshalo sifana nokugeleza okuyingxenye ngamaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu esilinganiso esivamile amahora ayisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokumiswa okuphelele, ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe bekungaba ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili ngokuphindwe ngekhulu ngeshumi, noma amadola ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili. Ingqikithi yokulahlekelwa kokukhiqizwa komcimbi kungaba amadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu nambili.
Qaphela ukuthi lesi sibalo asifaki inani lezinto ngokwazo. Lokho kubalwa ngokuhlukene emaphethelweni omnikelo. Ukubala kabili kuyiphutha elivamile ezilinganisweni zokulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza.
Isahluko Sesithathu: Ukuthwebula Izindleko Zokuphazamiseka Kweshejuli
Ukuphazamiseka kweshejuli ingxenye yezindleko izikhungo eziningi ezigeja ngokuphelele. Kuvela lapho umcimbi wokuhlanza izisele ongahleliwe uphoqa ukuthi kuhlehliswe omunye umsebenzi wokulungisa.
Indlela ilula. Sonke isitshalo sinenani elilinganiselwe lamafasitela okulungisa. Ukunqamuka okuhleliwe kuhlelwa kusasele izinyanga. Uma umcimbi ongahleliwe udla ingxenye yewindi lokucisha elihleliwe, umsebenzi owawuhlelelwe lelo windi kufanele uhlehliswe. Umsebenzi ohlehlisiwe ungase uholele ekuhlulekeni kamuva.
Ukubala izindleko zokuphazamiseka kweshejuli kudinga ukulandelela ukuthi yini ehlehlisiwe nokuthi kwenzekeni ngenxa yalokho. Uma ukuhlolwa kwe-turbine kuhlehlisiwe futhi i-turbine yehluleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindleko ezigcwele zalokho kwehluleka zidalwe ukuphazanyiswa kweshejuli. Uma ukulungiswa kokuvikela kuhlehlisiwe futhi kungekho kwehluleka okwenzekile, izindleko zingase zibe nguziro. Ukungaqiniseki kwenza le ngxenye ibe nzima ukulinganisa, kodwa ukuyiziba kwehlisa ngokuphelele izindleko zangempela.
Indlela engokoqobo iwukusebenzisa isilinganiso esilondolozayo esisekelwe kudatha yemboni. Ezikhungweni ezineshejuli yokulungiswa okuqinile, ukuphazamiseka kweshejuli ngokuvamile kwengeza phakathi kwamaphesenti ayishumi namashumi amathathu ezindlekweni eziqondile zomcimbi ongahleliwe. Ezikhungweni ezinamashejuli axegayo, ukungezwa kungase kungabi nalutho.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ukungaqiniseki ukuthuthukisa ukuhlela. Izikhungo ezigcina isivimbeli kumashejuli azo wokucisha, ezibeka isikhathi esithile somsebenzi ongahleliwe, ezihlangabezana nezindleko eziphansi zokuphazamiseka kweshejuli. Le buffer inezindleko zayo, kodwa lezo zindleko zisakazwa kuyo yonke imicimbi kunokuba zikhokhiswe ngokugcwele komunye nomunye.
Isahluko Sesine: Ukubalwa Kwezimali Zokunakwa Kwabaphathi
Ukunakwa kokuphatha kuyisici sezindleko cishe akukho sikhungo esilinganisa inani. Kodwa isikhathi abaphathi bemishini, abaqondisi bezokulungisa, nonjiniyela abasichitha kumcimbi wokuhlanza izisele ongahleliwe isikhathi esingachithiwe kumaphrojekthi wokuthuthukisa, ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo.
Isibalo sidinga amahora okulandelela asetshenziswe indima ngayinye yokuphatha kumcimbi futhi aphindaphindeke ngenani lezindleko zehora. Izinga lezindleko zehora lokuphatha kufanele lifake iholo, izinzuzo, kanye nesabelo semali engaphezulu.
Isibonelo. Umphathi wefekthri ohola izinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu zamadola ngonyaka usebenza amahora ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngonyaka, enikeza isilinganiso sehora samadola angamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu. Uma lowo mphathi echitha amahora ayishumi emcimbini wokuhlanza izisele, izindleko zingamadola angamakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi amahlanu. Umphathi wesondlo obiza izinkulungwane eziyikhulu zamadola ngonyaka wengeza amanye amadola angamashumi amahlanu ngehora. Uma umphathi echitha amahora angamashumi amabili, lokho kuyinkulungwane yamadola. Unjiniyela osebenzisa amadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ngonyaka wengeza amadola angamashumi amane ngehora. Ngamahora ayishumi nanhlanu, lawo ngamadola angamakhulu ayisithupha. Isamba sezindleko zokunakwa kwabaphathi zomcimbi zingamadola ayizinkulungwane ezimbili namakhulu amathathu namashumi amahlanu.
Izehlakalo ngazinye azivamile ukuletha izindleko ezinkulu zokunaka zokuphatha. Kodwa izikhungo ezihlangabezana nezenzakalo ezivamile ziqoqa isikhathi sokuphatha esibalulekile. Esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka nemicimbi eyishumi, izindleko zokunaka abaphathi zizodwa zifinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi amabili nantathu namakhulu amahlanu amadola.
Umthelela obaluleke kakhulu izindleko zamathuba. Isikhathi sokuphatha esichithwa ezinkingeni eziphindaphindiwe yisikhathi sokuphatha asitholakali ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwethembeka. Izinsiza ezehlisa imvamisa yomcimbi zikhulula amandla okuphatha omsebenzi ovimbela imicimbi yesikhathi esizayo.
Isahluko Sesihlanu: Ifomula Yezindleko Zomcimbi
Ukuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye, izindleko eziphelele zomcimbi wokuhlanza isisele zingavezwa kanje.
Izindleko eziphelele zilingana ne-invoyisi yenkontileka kanye nokulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza kanye nokuphazamiseka kweshejuli kanye nokunaka kwabaphathi kanye nomonakalo wemishini.
I-invoyisi kasonkontileka itholakala ngokuqondile kuma-oda okuthenga. Ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza kubalwa njengamahora okuphazamiseka izikhathi zesilinganiso sokukhiqiza izikhathi zemajini yomnikelo, okuhlanganisa nengxenye yezikhathi zokugeleza. Ukuphazamiseka kweshejuli kulinganiselwa njengephesenti lezindleko eziqondile ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile zesikhungo. Ukunakwa kokuphatha kubalwa njengamahora alandelwa izikhathi zendima amanani ezindleko zehora. Ukulimala kwesisetshenziswa kubandakanya noma yimaphi amavalvu, ama-fluidizers, izinzwa zeleveli, noma ezinye izingxenye ezihlulekile ngenxa yokunqwabelana okubangele umcimbi.
Ezikhungweni eziningi, ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza kuyisici esikhulu kunazo zonke, ngokuvamile kudlula i-invoyisi yosonkontileka ngokuphindwe kabili noma kathathu. Ukunakwa kwabaphathi kanye nokuphazamiseka kweshejuli kwengeza amanani amancane kodwa angenakubalwa. Ukulimala kwezisetshenziswa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngobunzima bokunqwabelana nokuba sengozini kwezingxenye ezingezansi zomfula.
Isilinganiso esiphusile somcimbi wobunzima obumaphakathi obujwayelekile embonini yenqubo eqhubekayo ukuthi izindleko zilingana ngokuphindwe kathathu kuya kahlanu kwe-invoyisi kasonkontileka. I-invoyisi yenkontileka yenkontileka yezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili isho inani eliphelele phakathi kwamadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha nekhulu.
Isahluko Sesithupha: Ukusebenzisa Idatha Yezindleko Ukwenza Izinqumo Zokutshalwa Kwezimali
Uma indawo inedatha yezindleko ethembekile yemicimbi yokuhlanza izisele, leyo datha ingaqhuba izinqumo zokutshala imali. I-logic ilula. Uma isilinganiso sokuvimbela sinciphisa imvamisa noma ubucayi bemicimbi, inani laso lilingana nezindleko zezehlakalo ezivinjwayo.
Cabanga ngerobhothi lokuhlola elibiza izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili zamaRandi. Uma lelo robhothi livumela isikhungo ukuthi sivimbele umcimbi owodwa ngonyaka ngesamba sezindleko zamadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, isikhathi sokukhokha siyizinyanga ezintathu. Ngisho noma irobhothi livimbela umcimbi owodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, isikhathi sokukhokha siseyizinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela.
Cabanga ngemishini yokubhidliza ekude ebiza izinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu zamarandi. Uma leyo mpahla inciphisa izindleko zomcimbi ngamunye ukusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili zamadola ukuya ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi amabili zamadola ngokususa izindleko zosonkontileka kanye nokunciphisa ubude besikhathi sokulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza, futhi uma indawo ihlangabezana nemicimbi emithathu ngonyaka, ukonga konyaka ngamadola ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Isikhathi sokukhokha izinyanga eziyishumi.
Cabangela ukuguqulwa kwedizayini yesisele ebiza amadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu. Uma lokho kuguqulwa kunciphisa imvamisa yomcimbi ukusuka kokuthathu ngonyaka ukuya kowodwa ngonyaka, futhi umcimbi ngamunye ubiza amadola ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, ukonga konyaka ngamadola ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi ayisithupha. Isikhathi sokukhokha cishe izinyanga ezingamashumi amabili nantathu.
Lezi zibalo ziqondile. Okuvimbela ukuthi zenziwe ezikhungweni eziningi akubona ubunzima bezobuchwepheshe kodwa ukungabi khona kwedatha. Ngaphandle kwezindleko ezithembekile ngomcimbi ngamunye, asikho isinqumo sokutshala izimali esinengqondo esingenzeka.
Isahluko Sesikhombisa: Isifanekiso Esilula Sokulandelela Izindleko Zomcimbi
Izinsiza ezifuna ukuthuthukisa idatha yazo yezindleko zingasebenzisa isifanekiso sokulandelela esilula. Isifanekiso kufanele sifake izinkambu ezilandelayo.
Usuku lomcimbi kanye nokuhlonza isilo. Qalisa isizathu, okusho lokho okubonise ukuthi ukuhlanza kwakudingeka njengokungagelezi, isilinganiso esincishisiwe, noma ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe. Isamba se-invoyisi kasonkontileka ngokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zomugqa. Amahora okuphazamiseka kokukhiqiza esitobhini esigcwele. Amahora okunciphisa ukukhiqiza ngenani eliyingxenye. Iphesenti lesilinganiso esiyingxenye sokugeleza okuvamile. Tshala izinga elijwayelekile lokukhiqiza ngamathani ngehora. Imajini yomnikelo ngethani. Amahora okuphatha alinganiselwe omphathi weplanti, umqondisi wokulungisa, onjiniyela, nochwepheshe. Noma yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezilimele ngesikhathi somcimbi noma njengomphumela oqondile wokuqongelela. Amanothi okuphazamiseka kweshejuli abonisa ukuthi yimuphi umsebenzi ohlehlisiwe.
Ifomu lekhasi elilodwa elinalezi zindawo lingagcwaliswa emizuzwini eyishumi nanhlanu ngemva komcimbi ngamunye. Ngokuhamba konyaka, idatha eqoqiwe inikeza isithombe esicacile sezindleko zangempela.
Okukhiphayo okuwusizo kakhulu akukona izindleko ezimaphakathi ngomcimbi ngamunye kodwa ukusatshalaliswa. Isikhungo singaba nemicimbi eminingi ebiza kancane kanye nemicimbi embalwa ebiza kakhulu. Izehlakalo zezindleko eziphakeme, ezingase zenzeke kanye kuphela ngonyaka, ngokuvamile ziqhuba umnotho wokutshalwa kwezimali kokuvimbela. Ukuvimbela umcimbi wamadola ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezindleko eziningi kunokuvimbela imicimbi eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi zamadola.
Isahluko Sesishiyagalombili: Amaphutha Avamile Ekulinganisweni Kwezindleko
Kuvela amaphutha amaningana lapho izikhungo zizama ukubala izindleko zomcimbi wokuhlanza izisele. Ukugwema lawa maphutha kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesinqumo.
Iphutha lokuqala elokusebenzisa intengo yokuthengisa kunomkhawulo womnikelo ukuze uthole ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza. Intengo yokuthengisa ihlanganisa izindleko eziguquguqukayo ezifana nezinto ezingavuthiwe namandla angatholakali lapho ukukhiqiza kuma. Ukusebenzisa intengo yokuthengisa kweqa ukulahlekelwa futhi kwenzelela izinqumo mayelana nokutshalwa kwezimali okungadingekile.
Iphutha lesibili ukuziba izikhathi zokugeleza kwengxenye. Ukukhiqizwa kungase kuqhubeke ngesikhathi somcimbi wokuhlanza izisele kodwa ngenani elincishisiwe. Ukulahlekelwa okuvela kwinani elincishisiwe kungokoqobo futhi kufanele kufakwe.
Iphutha lesithathu liwukubala kabili inani lezinto ezibonakalayo. Uma imajini yomnikelo isivele ihlanganisa inani lempahla, ungangezi izindleko zezinto ngokuhlukana.
Iphutha lesine ukuphatha ukunakwa kwabaphathi njengokumahhala. Ayimahhala. Yinsiza engasatshalaliswa kwenye indawo.
Iphutha lesihlanu ukuziba izindleko zomcimbi olandelayo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuvimbelayo okuqeda imicimbi yesikhathi esizayo kufanele kuhlolwe ngokumelene nezindleko zaleyo micimbi, hhayi ngezindleko zomcimbi wakamuva nje wodwa. Uma izehlakalo ziba kaningi noma zibe zimbi kakhulu, ukusebenzisa isilinganiso somlando kwehlisa inzuzo yesikhathi esizayo.
Isiphetho
Izindleko zangempela zomcimbi wokuhlanza izisele ziyaziwa. Ama-invoyisi osonkontileka ayisiqalo nje. Ukulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza, ukuphazamiseka kweshejuli, ukunaka kwabaphathi, nokulimala kwemishini kwengeza kakhulu inani.
Izinsiza ezilandelela lezi zindleko ngokuhlelekile zithola izinzuzo ezimbili. Okokuqala, bangenza izinqumo zokutshala izimali ezinengqondo mayelana nemishini yokuvimbela, izinhlelo zokuhlola, nokuguqulwa komklamo. Okwesibili, bangakwazi ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwabo ngokumelene nezinsiza ezifanayo futhi bakhombe amathuba okwenza ngcono.
Indlela echazwe kulesi sihloko ayidingi isofthiwe ekhethekile noma ukwesekwa kokubonisana. Noma yimuphi unjiniyela wezitshalo onokufinyelela kudatha yokukhiqiza, ulwazi lokubala, kanye nesipredishithi angasisebenzisa. Okuwukuphela kwemfuneko isiyalo sokuqoqa idatha ngemva komcimbi ngamunye kanye nokuzimisela ukukholelwa okubonisa izinombolo.
Kubaphathi bezitshalo abangakaze babale izindleko ezigcwele zomcimbi wokuhlanza i-silo, ukubala kokuqala kuvame ukumangala. Inombolo inkulu kunokulindelekile. Lokho kumangala kuyisiqalo sokuphatha okungcono.
